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Shajar al-Durr
Shajar al-Durr (Arabic: شجر الدر, "''Tree of Pearls''") 〔Shajar al-Durn's name also spelled and pronounced as ''Shajarat al-Durr''. Her coins carried the name Shajarat al-Durr. See under Coins of Shajar al-Durr.〕〔As the letter' G ج ' is pronounced as ' J ' in Arabic and as ' G ' in Egyptian, her name is also pronounced as Shagar al-Durr .〕 (''Royal name'': al-Malika `Aṣmat ad-Dīn Umm-Khalīl Shajar ad-Durr (Arabic: الملكة عصمة الدين أم خليل شجر الدر) (nicknamed: أم خليل, Umm Khalil; mother of Khalil)〔Umm Khalil ( أم خليل ) also Walidat Khalil ( والدة خليل ) mean mother of Khalil. Khalil was her dead son from Sultan as-Salih Ayyub. The names were used by Shajar al-Durr to legitimate and consolidate her position as an heir and ruler. She signed the official documents and Sultanic decrees with the name 'Walidat Khalil' - (Abu Al-Fida, pp.66-87/Year 648H) - (Al-Maqrizi,p.459/vol.1).〕 (? – 28 April 1257, Cairo) was the widow of the Ayyubid Sultan As-Salih Ayyub who played a crucial role after his death during the Seventh Crusade against Egypt (1249–1250). She was regarded by Muslim historians and chroniclers of the Mamluk time as being of Turkic origin.〔Al-Maqrizi, Ibn Taghri and Abu Al-Fida regarded Shajar al-Durr as Turkic. Al-Maqrizi and Abu Al-Fida, however, mentioned that some believed she was of Armenian origin. (Al-Maqrizi, p. 459/vol.1) - (Ibn Taghri,p.102-273/vol.6)- (Abu Al-Fida, pp.68-87/Year 655H)〕〔Dr. Yürekli, Tülay (2011), The Pursuit of History (International Periodical Research Series of Adnan Menderes University), Issue 6, Page 335, The Female Members of the Ayyubid Dynasty, Online reference: http://www.tarihinpesinde.com/sayi06/16.pdf〕 She became the Sultana of Egypt on May 2, 1250, marking the end of the Ayyubid reign and the start of the Mamluk era.〔Some historians regard Shajar al-Durr as the first of the Mamluk Sultans. - (Shayyal, p.115/vol.2)〕〔Al-Maqrizi described Shajar al-Durr as the first of the Mamluk Sultans of Turkic origin. " This woman, Shajar al-Durr, was the first of the Turkish Mamluk Kings who ruled Egypt " - (Al-Maqrizi, p.459/ vol.1)〕〔Ibn Iyas regarded Shajar al-Durr as an Ayyubid. - (Ibn Iyas, p.89)〕〔According to J. D. Fage " it is difficult to decide whether this queen (Shajar al-Durr) was the last of the Ayyubids or the first of the Mamluks as she was connected with both the vanishing and the oncoming dynasty". Fage, p.37〕
==Background==
Shajar al-Durr was of Turkic origin,〔See note 3 and 5.〕〔Ahmed, Nazeer. ''Islam in Global History: From the Death of Prophet Muhammed to the First''. Xlibris Corporation, 2001. (''page 287'' )〕〔Fage, J. D. & Oliver, Roland Anthony. ''The Cambridge History of Africa''. Cambridge University Press, 1986. (''page 37'' )〕〔Meri 2006, (p. 729 )〕 and described by historians as a beautiful, pious and intelligent woman.〔 She was purchased as a slave by As-Salih Ayyub〔Al-Maqrizi, p.459/vol.1〕 in the Levant before he became a Sultan and accompanied him with his Mamluk Baibars (not the Baibars who became a Sultan) at Al Karak during his detention there in 1239.〔Al-Maqrizi, p.419/vol.1〕〔( Abu Al-Fida, p.68-87/Year 655H ) ( Ibn Taghri, pp.102-273/vol.6 )〕〔Shayyal, p.116/vol.2〕〔in 1239, before he became a Sultan, and during his conflict with his brother al-Malik al-Adil, as As-Salih Ayyub was captive in Nablus and detained in castle of Al Karak. He was accompanied by a Mamluk named Rukn ad-Din Baibars and Shajar al-Durr and their son Khalil. (Al-Maqrizi, p.397-398/vol.1 )〕 Later when he became a Sultan in 1240 she went with him to Egypt and gave birth to their son Khalil who was called al-Malik al-Mansour.〔Ibn Taghri, pp.102-273/vol.6〕〔( Al-Maqrizi's events of the year 638H ( 1240 C.E.) - p.405/vol.1. ) - ( Al-Maqrizi, p.404/vol.1 )〕 Some time after the birth, As-Salih Ayyub married her.〔as-Salih Ayyub, after the birth of his son Khalil, married Shajar al-Durr. (Al-Maqrizi, pp.397-398/vol.1/ note 1. )〕
In April 1249, As-Salih Ayyub, who was gravely sick in Syria, returned to Egypt and went to Ashmum-Tanah, near Damietta〔Al-Maqrizi, p. 437/vol.1〕〔As-Salih Ayyub due to his serious disease was unable to ride a horse, he was carried to Egypt on a stretcher. (Shayyal,p.95/vol.2) - (Al-Maqrizi, p.437/vol.1)〕 after he heard that King Louis IX of France had assembled a crusader army in Cyprus and was about to launch an attack against Egypt.〔It was believed that Frederick II, the King of Sicily informed As-Salih Ayyub about Louis's plan. (Shayyal, p.95/vol.2)〕 In June 1249, the crusaders landed in the abandoned town of Damietta,〔The Egyptian garrison of Damietta led by emir Fakhr ad-Din left the town and went to Ashmum-Tanah and were followed by its population before the landing of the crusade troops. (Al-Maqrizi, pp.438-439/vol.1) - (Abu Al-Fida,pp.66-87/ Year 647H) - Probably Fakhr ad-Din withdrew from Damietta because he thought the Sultan has died as he was not receiving messages from him for some time. (Shayyal, p.97/vol.2)〕〔Also the crusade chronicler Lord of Joinville mentioned that Damiette was abandoned: " The Saracens thrice sent word to the Sultan by carrier-pigeons that the King had landed, without getting any answer, for the Sultan was in his sickness; so they concluded that the Sultan must be dead, and abandoned Damietta. " and " The Turks made a blunder in leaving Damietta, without cutting the bridge of boats, which would have put us to great inconvenience." ( Lord of Joinville, parg. 72./Cha.VI/part II )〕 at the mouth of the river Nile. As-Salih Ayyub was carried on a stretcher to his palace in the better-protected town of Al Mansurah where he died on November 22, 1249 after ruling Egypt for nearly 10 years.〔(Al-Maqrizi, pp.439-441/vol.2) - (Abu Al-Fida, p.68-87/Year 647H) - (Shayyal, p.98/vol.2)〕 Shajar al-Durr informed Emir Fakhr ad-Din Yussuf Ben Shaykh (commander of all the Egyptian army) and Tawashi Jamal ad-Din Muhsin (the chief eunuch who controlled the palace) of the Sultan's death but as the country was under attack by the crusaders they decided to conceal his death.〔Al-Maqrizi, p.444/vol.1〕 The coffined body of the Sultan was transported in secret by boat to the castle on al-Rudah island in the Nile.〔(Al-Maqrizi, p.441/vol.1) - (Shayyal,p.98/vol.2)〕〔Castle of al-Rudah ( Qal'at al-Rudah ) was built by As-Salih Ayyub on the island of al-Rudah in Cairo. It was used as an abode for his Mamluks.(Al-Maqrizi,p.443/vol1). Later, Sultan Aybak buried As-Salih Ayyub in the tomb which was built by as-Salih before his death near his Madrasah in the district of Bain al-Qasrain in Cairo. (Al-Maqrizi, p. 441/vol.1) - See also Aybak .〕 Although the deceased Sultan had not left any testimony concerning who should succeed him after his death,〔( Abu Al-Fida, p.68-87/Death of as-Salih Ayyub)〕 Faris ad-Din Aktai was sent to Hasankeyf to call al-Muazzam Turanshah, the son of the deceased Sultan.〔Al-Maqrizi, p.445/vol.1〕〔Al-Muazzam Turanshah was the deputy of his Father ( the Sultan ) in Hasankeyf.(Ibn taghri, pp. 102-273/vol.6/year 646)〕 Before he died, the Sultan signed a large number of blank papers〔According to Al-Maqrizi, Sultan as-Salih Ayyub made 10.000 Alama ( Sultan's sign ) before his death. (Al-Maqrizi, p.441/vol.1)〕 which were used by Shajar al-Durr and Emir Fakhr ad-Din in issuing decrees and giving Sultanic orders〔According to Abu Al-Fida and Al-Maqrizi, Shajar al-Durr used also a servant named Sohail in faking the Sultanic documents. ( Abu Al-Fida, p.68-87/Year 647H) - ( Al-Maqrizi, p.444/vol.1)〕 and together they succeeded in convincing the people and the other government officials that the Sultan was only ill rather than dead. Shajar al-Durr continued to have food prepared for the sultan and brought to his tent. High officials, the Sultan's Mamluks and soldiers were ordered - by the will of the (ill Sultan) - to swear an oath of loyalty to the Sultan, his heir Turanshah〔Ibn taghri, pp. 102-273/vol.6〕〔As as-Salih Ayyub made no testimony concerning his successor, by this action, Shajar al-Durr made Turanshah an heir after the Sultan's death.〕 and the Atabeg〔Commander in chief. See also Atabeg.〕 Fakhr ad-Din Yussuf.〔
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